Chapter 2

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which can interfere with daily functioning and development.

ADHD presents itself in three subtypes: Predominantly Inattentive, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, and Combined Type each with its own distinct set of symptoms and challenges.

Fact	Description
Prevalence	ADHD affects approximately 5-7% of children and 2-5% of adults worldwide.
Symptoms	ADHD is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Diagnosis	ADHD can be diagnosed at any age, with symptoms usually appearing before the age of 12.
Treatment	A combination of medication, behavioural therapy, and educational support is effective for managing ADHD.
Co-occurring conditions	ADHD can often co-exist with other mental health or learning disorders.

Definition

ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning and development.

It affects individuals across various aspects of their lives, including academic performance, social interactions, and emotional well-being.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Inattention refers to difficulties with focus, organisation, and task completion.
Hyperactivity involves excessive physical movement and restlessness.
Impulsivity encompasses hasty decision-making, interrupting others, and acting without considering consequences.

The severity and combination of symptoms may vary among individuals.

Innatention

Inattention is one of the primary symptoms of ADHD, characterised by difficulties with focus, organisation, and task completion.

Individuals experiencing inattention may struggle to pay attention to details, have trouble sustaining focus on tasks or activities, frequently lose items, and be forgetful in daily routines.

These symptoms can negatively impact academic performance, work productivity, and interpersonal relationships, often leading to feelings of frustration and disappointment for the individual and those around them.

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity is another core symptom of ADHD, involving excessive physical movement and restlessness.

Those with hyperactivity may find it challenging to sit still for extended periods, frequently fidget or tap their hands or feet, and have difficulty engaging in quiet leisure activities.

In school or work settings, hyperactivity can be disruptive, making it difficult for the individual to concentrate and complete tasks efficiently.

Additionally, hyperactivity can contribute to social challenges, as it may be perceived as intrusive or inappropriate by others.

Impulsivity

Impulsivity is the third primary symptom of ADHD, encompassing hasty decision-making, interrupting others, and acting without considering consequences.

Individuals with impulsivity may struggle with waiting their turn, blurting out answers before questions are completed, and making impulsive decisions that can lead to negative outcomes.

This symptom can create challenges in various aspects of life, such as academics, work, and social relationships, as the impulsive actions may be perceived as disrespectful or thoughtless by others.

Subtypes

ADHD is classified into three subtypes: Predominantly Inattentive Type, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and Combined Type.

The Predominantly Inattentive Type is marked by significant issues with attention and organisation but less prominent hyperactivity and impulsivity.
The Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type displays pronounced hyperactivity and impulsivity, with fewer inattention symptoms.
The Combined Type exhibits a combination of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms.

Innattentive Type

The Predominantly Inattentive Type of ADHD is characterised by significant difficulties with attention and organisation, while hyperactivity and impulsivity are less pronounced.

Individuals with this subtype may struggle with tasks that require sustained focus, lose track of items, have trouble following instructions, and be forgetful in daily activities.

Despite the absence of prominent hyperactivity or impulsivity, the inattention symptoms can still cause considerable impairment in various aspects of life, including academics, work, and social relationships.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

Individuals with the Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type of ADHD exhibit pronounced hyperactivity and impulsivity, with fewer symptoms related to inattention.

They may have difficulty sitting still, frequently interrupt others, act impulsively without considering the consequences, and struggle with waiting their turn.

Although inattention symptoms are not as prevalent in this subtype, the hyperactivity and impulsivity can lead to significant challenges in multiple settings, such as school, work, and social interactions.

Combined Type

The Combined Type of ADHD is characterised by a combination of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms.

Individuals with this subtype experience significant difficulties in all three areas, which can lead to a wide range of challenges across various domains of their lives.

This includes struggles with academic performance, difficulties in maintaining friendships, and challenges in managing emotions and behaviour.

With appropriate interventions and support, individuals with the Combined Type of ADHD can effectively manage their symptoms and thrive in diverse settings.